Wednesday, January 29, 2020

International Politics Essay Example for Free

International Politics Essay Transformation—is one of the few words which could be used in order to define and describe the current situation of the international community. In every parts of the world, transformation is currently occurring from the simple acquisition of one product to another. Such situation could be one of the few examples of the changes which are present in the current society. In the modern society, boundaries and limits had now been erased due to the technology including the issues facing most states in the global community. The past limitation of states in surpassing territorial boundaries of their own state is now removed. Such hindrances are not a concern any longer. The gaps in which divides states are now being linked therefore making each and everyone of us connected. The far away lands of Africa or Europe could now be reached through one click of a button. The then complicated processes of communication as well as the process of international relations had changed due to globalization. The process of globalization became a significant change in the relations of states. In addition, states are not only the actors in the international community. The active participation of non-state actors had been highlighted in the past events which had recently occurred such as wars, conflicts and environmental phenomenon. In the past such as the events of the World War I, nations were the only actors in the war. Decisions were only influenced by the leaders of the states involved. Although international organizations were present in providing aid to the victims of the war, they were not equally involved in the decision making process. But as these events unfold, it is evident that international organizations are similarly participating with the political issues at hand. In the principle of realism, the main actors were only states however; in the view of the liberalism theory, other actors such that of international organizations, trans-national organizations, multinational corporations and the likes. In the book of Baylis and Smith, the authors stated that in â€Å"Realists emphasize states’ ruthlessly self-interested search for territorial, military and economic resources† (Baylis and Smith, 2008). On the other hand, Liberalism or Idealism pursues to promote internationalism during the inter-war period (Baylis and Smith, 2008). The theory of liberalism’s main idea is to attach government together with good governance which will create a connection between states and the societies of the global community. Liberalism promotes the need for the world to unite and commune with the issues of the international community equally. However, unlike the liberalism, realists approach the view of internationalism is translated as anarchy. (Baylis and Smith, 2008) Evidently, the world is already shifting and adopting another form of ideology other than realism which was mainly utilized in the past. In the inter-war years, the liberalist theorists started to promote their perspective in which advocates that international institutions should encourage the values of having order, justice, liberty and toleration within the relationship of states. It was believed in such theory that the conflicts between states could not only be resolved through the use of force and warfare. International institutions or organizations much act as mediators when conflicts are at hand. In addition, such international institutions must be the area of discussion for the reason that it could create other actions in resolving disputes in a much objective manner. Therefore, the liberalists were able to influence every state in creating an international organization which lead to the creation of the League of Nations in which became the fundamental foundation of the United Nations. Although the ideas of the liberalists were idealistic, each state must be a member of the organization in order to fully accomplish and pursue the goals of the international organization. (Baylis and Smith, 2008) In our changing world, the past conflicts and issues of a state are realized to also be affecting the world. The recent war on terror had been actively participated by different states in order to deter the effects of terrorism. After the war on terror, many states changes their view point which such situations—following the chief state which proclaimed the war. The war on terror became a global issue due to the involvement of different states. Additionally, international organizations became a great factor in such war. The war in Afghanistan for example, the United Nations became one of the main decision maker and supporter of the war. The United Nations launched protocols and written agendas in order to promote action against the cruel ruling and the storage of the weapons of mass destruction of Saddam Hussein. In the incident given, the United Nations played a great role in encouraging and promoting in the issue against terrorism. United Nations became one of the main actors is countering against terrorism unlike in the past. (Bredel, 2003) Another issue which is currently in debate until this day is the issues concerning the global environment—climate change. This issue is one of the most controversial and debated issues because it is one of the problems of the world which passes the boundaries of states. Climate change not only affects the climate and the environment but also the politics and economics of each state. One of the few very specific problems under climate change is pollution. Pollution had been a great problem for different states for the reason that it encompasses the boundaries of states. It is known that most industries or factory excretes smoke which turns out to be air pollutants due to the machineries used to create products and the likes. Water pollution also has the same situation for the reason that it flows although out different forms of water and continuously flow to the water of other states. The problem obviously passes through the limitation of the international law and protocols available. The problem becomes a trans-national issue that requires states to cooperate and coordinate with each other in order to solve such crisis. With the issue of climate change, trans-national entities are the most reliable organizations in laying down such issues. Trans-national organizations provide states a much immediate and larger picture of the issue. Due to the personality of trans-national organization, different organizations that aim for the same goals as others come together to be able to solve the dilemmas at hand. With the issue of climate change, the main agent which is very much focused is the United Nations. The international organization created a branch which focuses on the issues of environment which is the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The branch of United Nations provides answer to the needs of each state in order to address the problem. The UNEP together with the states and other organizations with the same advocacy such as Green Peace and other local organizations with in the various states to be able to provide answer to the issue. The role of non-state actors and trans-national networks had become significant in the international community due to the promotion of international organization during crisis. The power given to non-state actors as well as trans-national networks enable these agencies to freely interfere with the conflicts of states and within states. Therefore, these groups provide their own view points, influencing states and individuals with their perspective. Most of the time, such organizations changes the civil society which then results to the change of the government. One example that could be cited is the pursuance of NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) in Asia to promote change in the civil society, therefore promoting development within the society. It is stated by Harriet Bulkeley and Michele Merrill Betsill (2005) in their book that â€Å"the international, regional, national and local interact â€Å"with actors influencing the activities of different levels simultaneously† (cited in O’ Riordan and Jordan 1996). With the statement given by the authors, it is evident that the role of non-state actors as well as trans-national organization is equally important as the responsibility of states. Therefore, the international order is changed due to the additional actors that are also acting in the international community. Currently, the international community is evidently reliant to non-state actors as well as to the trans-national networks due to the important role that it is undertaking with conflicts and decision making processes of a state. Non-state actors and trans-national networks had become one of the main components of international relations whether it may be in conflict resolution or in times of celebration. Such groups empower and support positive ideology due to the idealistic nature of most non-state and trans-national networks. The usual â€Å"state-only† theory had now been changed into a new form of relations of states which brings together actors that has the same goals to attain making the relations of states peaceful. Although most non-state actors and trans-national networks aims to create a united international community, there are also groups alike that promotes otherwise. One well known group is the Al-Qaeda which seeks to promote terror and violence from the eyes of most states. Although Al-Qaeda is seen as an extremist group in promoting change, it is also considered a trans-national network for the reason that it encompasses the boundaries of its home state and promotes their ideology to the world. The group creates networks in different parts of the world while maintaining a balance relation with other networks associated to the group. Due to the negative effects they such trans-national network is creating; it definitely changes the order of the international community. Not only it brings terror to the whole global community but the group promotes division and conflict within the global society. (Pearlstein, 2004) In conclusion, the issues that the international community is facing are now crossing the boundaries of states such that of the terrorism and climate change. There is a need for states to get together and resolve such dilemma. Therefore, trans-national networks and non-state actors play a vital role in resolving such problems. The non-state and trans-national networks are the best area for the resolution of such conflicts because objectiveness within the situation is achieved. The international community sets the non-states actors and trans-national networks as the one of the numerous vital actors in the global community. The participation of such actors promotes the unity of the whole international community in times of crisis or triumph. References Baylis J. , Smith S. , Owens, P. Eds.(2008). The Globalization of World Politics: An introduction to International Relations. New York: Oxford University Press. Bredel, R. (2003). Long-term Conflict Prevention and Industrial Development: The United Nations and Its Specialized Agency, UNIDO. Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Bulkeley, H. , and Betsill, M. M. (2005). Cities and Climate Change: Urban Sustainability and Global Environmental Governance. London: Routledge. Pearlstein, R. M. (2004). Fatal Future? : Transnational Terrorism and the New Global Disorder. Texas:University of Texas Press.

Tuesday, January 21, 2020

Brave New World Essay -- essays research papers fc

Alduos Huxley, in his science fiction novel Brave New World written in 1932, presents a horrifying view of a possible future in which comfort and happiness replace hard work and incentive as society's priorities. Mustapha Mond and John the Savage are the symbolic characters in the book with clashing views. Taking place in a London of the future, the people of Utopia mindlessly enjoy having no individuality. In Brave New World, Huxley's distortion of religion, human relationships and psychological training are very effective and contrast sharply with the literary realism found in the Savage Reservation. Huxley uses Brave New World to send out a message to the general public warning our society not to be so bent on the happiness and comfort that comes with scientific advancements. Huxley effectively uses distortion in Brave New World in his depiction of Soma as a replacement for religion. Soma is a rationed narcotic that is emphasized by the government to help the people escape from their problems. The people of Utopia have become dependent on the drug to keep them in a constant state of pleasure. In their "perfect" society there is no escape from happiness. The primary example of the degrading effects of Soma is Linda. Brought back from the Savage Reservation after being left behind pregnant, Linda faced many moral and ethical dilemmas she chose to avoid. Her addiction to Soma, which is looked upon as a good thing by everyone except John, brings about the terrible end to her life in which she was in a state of constant delusion. Soma, as Mustapha Mond puts it, is "Christianity without tears" (244). Soma, in effect, is the key to social stability in Utopia. Soma prevents uprisings, saves revolutions and suppresses emotions. Although Hu xley's distortion of religion is powerful, there are other strong arguments in the book. Huxley also uses distortion as a way to make people "see" in his depiction of human relationships. In the book, sex is looked upon as a tool for sharing with multiple partners. The frequency with which people sleep with each other is a disturbing aspect Huxley chooses to portray. Lenina Crowne symbolizes Huxley's portrayal of the complete lack of sexual morals and self-respect. Along with Soma, sexual promiscuity is another form in which the governm... ...George Orwell. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1986. 52-56. Gardner, Averil. George Orwell. Boston: Twayne, 1987. Harris, Roy. "The Misunderstanding of Newspeak." George Orwell. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1986. 31-34. Howe, Tom. "George Orwell." British Writers Volume VII. Ed. Ian Scott-Kilvert. New York: Scribner, 1984. 273-287. Kalechofsky, Roberta. George Orwell. Boston: Twayne, 1987. Rahv, Philip. "The Unfuture of Utopia." George Orwell. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1986. 102-105. Read, Herbert. "1984." George Orwell. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1986. 86-89. Reilly, Patrick. Nineteen Eighty Four - A Student's Companion to the Novel. Boston: Twayne, 1989. Reiff, Phillip. The Complete Guide to George Orwell. New York: Chelsea House, 1983. 39-49. Roazen, Antonio. Twentieth Century Literary Criticism Vol II: George Orwell. Detroit: Gale, 1979. Williams, T.J. Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature in English: George Orwell. Chicago: FD, 1996. Woodcock, George. "Nineteen Eighty-Four." Reference Guide to English Literature Vol III. Chicago: St. James, 1991. 61-63.

Sunday, January 12, 2020

Traumatic Shoulder Injury Rugby Union Health And Social Care Essay

Classified as a hit athletics by many athleticss sawboness the nature of Rugby Union consequences in comparatively high rates of traumatic hurts compared to other athleticss ( Sundaram et. al 2010 ) . Epidemiologic Injury Incidence Rates ( IIR ) demonstrate that participants who miss at least 24hrs of athletics scope from 69-218 incidences per 1000hrs of drama, with more serious IIRs being recorded every bit frequently as 13.26-13.95/1000hrs ( McManus et al. 2004, Garraway et Al. 1995 ) . New Australian epidemiological research of a big cohort of 1475 rugger participants across all degrees of competition ( School boy, amateur, academy, professional ) have found that 14-28 % of entire rugger hurts involve the upper limb ( McManus et al 2008, Usman 2012 ) , specifically 66 % or an IIR of 13.12/1000hrs happening to the shoulder articulation with hurts such as ; Anterior Dislocations and breaks ( Usman et al 2012 ) .These upper limb hurts have been associated with the longest clip out of drama, quantified as more than 4 matches/28days or more, in the Australian survey ( Usman et al 2012 ) . All of this information indicates that upper limb hurts have a really high prevalence in the athletics and are besides rather enfeebling. In comparing to IIRs associated with rugger participants, the general population rates of Anterior disruption are every bit low as 1.7 % ( Boone 2010 ) .Considering this disparity in statistical happening between the 2 populations, the debilitating nature of this hurt to rugby participants and the fact that it is extremely likely to show in a injury puting I have chosen to concentrate the balance of this essay on Anterior Dislocations of the shoulder.Anatomy and MechanismsPrior to discoursing the mechanism of hurt involved with this rugger associated pathology, it is of import to foremost specify what constitutes the normal anatomical constructions of the shoulder articulation.Normal AnatomyThe shoulder articulation allows for the most extende d scopes of motions ( ROM ) in the full organic structure, due chiefly to the building of the GlenoHumeral Joint ( GHJ ) composite. This big freedom of motion depends on stableness of the joint to stay active and is achieved by the inactive and dynamic stabilizers: Inactive stabilizers include ; the glenoid labrum which increases the otic contact country by up to 50 % , the extrinsic coracoacromial arch and intrinsic ligaments linking the humeral caput and the shoulder blade. Dynamic stabilizers include ; the rotator turnup musculuss known jointly as SITS. Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor and Subscapularis. The GHJ and its associated constructions are innervated by the suprascapular, sidelong pecs and alar nervousnesss. The two groups mentioned above work in concurrence to maintain the humeral caput in close articulation with the glenoid pit and supply important stableness in order to supply a usually functioning articulation. ( Moore et al. 2009 )Mechanism of InjuryAs rugger is a hit athletics with several participants at high speed typically involved in any one incident, it is really difficult to determine one definite mechanism of hurt. When questioned participants are frequently obscure on the inside informations of the mechanism, but it is reported that contact ( e.g. tackle state of affairss ) is responsible for 70 % of GHJ hurts ( Usman et al 2012 ) with foul drama merely being responsible for 6 % ( Crichton et al. 2012 ) .This is no surprise as tackling has been shown to be a major portion of the game with about 330 incidents per game ( Sundaram et al 2010 ) . Queerly neverthele ss undertaking when measured with the usage of force tablets does non exercise a high plenty force to do hurt to the constructions in the shoulder. Usman et Al ( 2011 ) measured proper technique tackle forces utilizing dominant and non-dominant shoulders both in the lab and on the field. The findings demonstrated that undertaking merely produced half the sum of force necessary to do traumatic harm to the shoulder. Therefore there is more elements to the mechanism of GHJ hurt than merely force via undertaking entirely. Subsequently surveies have made usage of picture analysis to reexamine a big base of GHJ hurts in order to set up a mechanism of hurt. It was found that there are three classical places ( c. f. appendix I ) in which GHJ occurs in rugger ; The try-scorer: diving and making with the arm flexed above 90A ° Tackler: Abducted arm driven behind the participant with a ensuing posterior force Direct Impact: Impact to shoulder from hit or land. Slightly flexed or impersonal with some internal rotary motion ( Crichton et al 2012 ) The Try-scorer and tackler were the most common groups for labral and humeral caput hurts happening in Antereoinferior GHJ disruptions, as the caput of the humerus is affected by a lever action from force transmitted through the arm in the wrong place ( Crichton et al 2012 ) . This illustrates that it is non undertaking that is the cause of hurt but more so wrong technique during a tackle or in contact with the land. The beginning of this improper technique is likely to be due to tire happening during the game. Tackling was shown to be a fatiguing activity as less force was produced with each tackle repeat when measured ( Usman et al. 2011 ) Fatigue has besides been shown to hold a negative consequence on an jock ‘s propioception or joint place sense ( JPS ) . As fatigue addition mechanoreceptors around the GHJ musculuss can non accurately describe JPS. Consequently during contact the jock will non hold their GHJ in the optimum place to absorb the force ensuing in hurt such as those described above from less effectual tackling ( Herrington 2008 and 2010, Sundaram et al 2010, Usman et al 2011 ) .Repetitive overloading of the inactive stabilizers through wrong undertaking technique can besides do incompetency of the GHJ taking to micro injury over clip and finally sprain/dislocation of the joint ( Goldberg et al 2003 ) .Other hazard factors that have besides been shown to be lending factors include ; accomplishment, playing experience, equipment, old hurts, playing place and degree of competition ( Usman et al 2011 )PathoanatomyIn Antereoinferior GHJ dislocations the humeral caput is forced down through the deficient inferior capsule and anteriorly due to the boney blocks of the acromial process, coracoid procedure and its tie ining ligament ensuing in a complete tear and rupture of the capsule in most instances. Equally good as the ligamentous capsule hurt there is besides associated harm to both soft tissue and bone ( Thomas et al 2007 ) . With respects t o soft tissue injury the most common pathoanatomy of soft tissue is a Bankart lesion ( Boone et al 2010 ) . This is a withdrawal of the anteroinferior Labrum and Inferior GH ligament with a farther 50 % of these showing with associated break of the Anterior rim of the glenoid pit ( Boone et al 2010 ) . Both of these occur when the humeral caput is forced out of the pit during disruption. If non treated decently, these lesions will take to a chronic instability in the accomplished shoulder, taking to recurrent disruptions as is seen in 21.5 % of incidences during the first lucifer after return to play ( Usman et al 2012 ) . Perennial disruptions are common in rugger due to a figure of factors such as early return to play, non-surgical intervention with stableness and other factors mentioned above in mechanisms. Recurrence causes the figure of constructions involved and the badness to increase dramatically.The figure of Anterioinferior labral lesions addition ( Doo-sup et al. , 2010 ) , Osseous Bankart lesions besides increase up to 56-86 % with perennial dislocators combined with a 67-100 % likeliness of besides holding a Hill-Sachs break ( Boone et al. , 2010, Beran et al. , 2010 ) . Hills-Sachs lesions occur on the postereo-lateral caput of the humerus as it impacts on the glenoid pit.PresentationHistoryOn showing to A & A ; E the patient will more than probably describe one of the three scenarios above, saying that their arm was abducted and externally rotated at the clip of contact. They will besides describe to holding felt a faux pas and â€Å" dead † shoulder after the incident ( Goldberg et al. , 2003 ) . The other chief symptom showing with a disjointed shoulder are terrible hurting and reduced scope of gesture. The patient will besides keep their arm guarded in little abduction and external rotary motion.ExaminationExpression: The patient will look to hold really small ROM when discasing. The shoulder will look â€Å" squared off † with loss of deltoid contour. Feel: The humeral caput is tangible anteriorly in the subcoracoid part. It is besides of import to compare bilateral radial pulsations to govern out vascular hurt and to prove the alar nervus in the ‘regimental badge mark ‘ over the deltoid bilaterally. Move: Active motion ; the patient is unable to finish Apley ‘s abrasion trial, i.e. touch opposite shoulder, opposite shoulder blade, back of the cervix. In Passive motion the patient will defy abduction and internal rotary motion. Imagination: This must be done to govern out differential diagnosings of clavicular or humeral breaks. A shoulder injury series should besides be ordered Pre and Post decrease. An AP or alar X raies are the most suitable for Anterior disruptions. Post decrease movies are highly of import as 37.5 % of breaks such Hills-Sachs are seeable that would hold been missed Pre-reduction. ( Thomas et al. 2007 )Treatment and RecoverySuitable analgesia and musculus relaxants should be selected, nevertheless intra-articular injections of lignocaine have been associated with fewer complications and decreased corsets than traditional IV opiate analgesia ( Wakai et al 2011 ) . The following measure is to instantly cut down the shoulder, as a successful decrease is normally associated with a pronounced decrease in hurting. A ‘clunk ‘ may be observed either palpably or audibly as the humeral caput re-enters the glenoid pit. Nerve map should be assessed anterior to and post-reduction over th e regimental spot country of the shoulder. This is done to measure if the alar nervus was damaged during decrease of the joint. Afterwards the shoulder should so be immobilised ( Thomas et al 2007 ) . Post-reduction tends to mean the terminal of the A & A ; E staff ‘s engagement with the disruption before discharge nevertheless it must be considered if the patient needs an orthopedic referral. In the presence of Bankart and Hills-Sachs lesions surgical intercession is frequently warranted as it is a cause of GHJ instability and a major hazard factor for return. In the bomber group of immature hit participants careful consideration is needed when taking the right process. Open processs are frequently favoured due to a high return rate of 89 % with some arthroscopic operations in contact athletics jocks ( Boone et al 2010, Golberg et al 2003 ) .The unfastened Latarjet-Pette process demonstrates good consequences in some tests with no return and a full return to rugby in 65 % of patients ( Neyton et al 2012 ) . Recovery clip so consists of 4 hebdomads of immobilization in a sling with 0 grades external rotary motion, after which beef uping exercisings can be introduced ( Jolles et al 2004, Auffarth et al 2008, Boone et al 2010 ) .New inventionsRecent research in the orthopedic field has led to the usage of thrombocyte rich plasma ( PRP ) in the intervention of sinew, ligament and bone pathologies. The intervention involves utilizing an autologous blood dressed ore injected straight into the damaged tissue. The hypothesis is that the increased thrombocyte derived growing factors from the dressed ore will rush up the healing procedure. Presently there is non adequate grounds to back up this technique as there are really few RCTs with PRP usage on shoulders. Consequences are inconclusive as different concentrations of thrombocytes and different protocols have been used across different surveies. However as the grounds base grows it may be a valuable clinical tool in the hereafter ( Ujash et al 2012, Hall et al 2009 ) The usage of shoulder tablets in rugger has besides been investigated. When tackle forces with and without tablets were measured merely a non-significant decrease in force was observed. This leads to them exposing similar rates of hurt with lone superficial tissues being protected ( Usman et al 2011 ) .Future research could hence be aimed at doing more effectual shoulder pads/straps that do non alter the authorization of the game as set by the IRB. CAT osteoabsorptiometry has besides been used to measure the chronic effects rugby imposes on the GHJ. This technique tracks mineral denseness measured in Haunsfield units over the glenoid fossa country. Rugby participants compared to the controls, have a Posteroinferior displacement in mineralisation which was observed with 40 % of rugby topics exhibiting an inferior boney glenoid lesion ( Kawasaki et al 2012 ) . These findings may be utile in testing persons to supply trim intervention in order to forestall chronic instability later in life every bit good as decelerating the patterned advance of degenerative arthritis.DecisionsIn drumhead ague anterior disruptions of the shoulder are rather common in rugby participants with rates greatly transcending those of the general population. The mechanism is besides really variable as surveies have demonstrated at least three common ways it can happen. Dislocation is besides seldom unsophisticated with both soft tissues and bone constructio ns involved as in the instance of Bankart and Hills-Sachs lesions, or even damage to the alar nervus doing deltoid palsy and loss of abduction. These factors combined with the particular consideration necessary for the sub-population of immature hit jocks, can greatly act upon intervention and must be taken into history for successful intervention of this traumatic event.Appendix( Crichton et al 2012 )

Saturday, January 4, 2020

Parents Parents Determine Everything - 2224 Words

Parents Determine Everything In 1969 the Governor of California Ronald Reagan, signed the first â€Å"no fault† divorce bill (Wilcox). This allowed people to divorce their spouse with no actual reason of why divorce was necessary. After Reagan signed the bill almost every state followed his lead, causing a drastic increase in divorces across America (Wilcox). This means that â€Å"50% of all the children born to married parents today, will experience the divorce of their parents before they are 18 years old†(Children). Parents often decide to go through with a divorce because of their own unhappiness. That in fact beyond most peoples belief is a wise decision. No child should be raised in an unhappy home, and living with two people who no longer†¦show more content†¦Parents correctly communicating with their children post divorce is essential to lowering the amount of negative effects the child will endure. After a divorce some parents are in such a scramble th ey lose sight of their role as a parent. They sometimes become so self indulged that they forget that their children are in need of communication from them (Foulkes-Jamison). On Help Guide, a website that is collaborated with Harvard Medical School they discuss what your child needs to hear after divorce and why they need to hear it (Block et. al.). Many children are under the assumption that they were the reason for their parents divorce. This assumption is often the root to many negative effects (Foulkes-Jamison). Help Guide says to avoid this from happening begin the post-divorce communication process by â€Å"clearing up misunderstandings† (Block et al.) Telling your child why the divorce is taking place can help them realize that they are not the cause of the tragic event. Help Guide stresses that as the parent you must not only be patient but reassuring to confirm that your child knows they are not the reason for the divorce (Block et al.). Opposite of the parent that f orgets their child needs communication, there s the parent that over indulges their child with communication (McManus and Donovan, 256). These parents unconsciously often make the mistake of providing the child with too much